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Webster's II Children's Dictionary
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A must-have children's reference source with more than 35,000 words and 3,000 full-color illustrations specially created by DK's celebrated design team and Merriam-Webster's renowned language experts. DK's Merriam-Webster Children's Dictionary is a must-have project companion for use at home and in school. This book combines color-coded page borders for each letter of the alphabet with modern photography and crystal-clear diagrams to enhance the learning experience. Entries include a clear definition, notes on spelling and punctuation, and examples on how to use the word in a sentence. In the reference section, updated maps highlight countries, cities, borders, flags, and the US presidents and vice presidents. Accessible yet comprehensive, Merriam-Webster Children's Dictionary is the ultimate visual dictionary for kids to have on-hand as they learn important research skills and work through school assignments from home.
In 1806, Webster published his first dictionary, A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language. The following year, he started working on an expanded and comprehensive dictionary, finally publishing it in 1828. He was very influential in popularizing certain spellings in the United States. He was also influential in establishing the Copyright Act of 1831, the first major statutory revision of U.S. copyright law. Whilst working on a second volume of his dictionary, Webster died in 1843, and the rights to the dictionary were acquired by George and Charles Merriam.
In 1806, Webster published his first dictionary, A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language. In 1807 Webster began compiling an expanded and fully comprehensive dictionary, An American Dictionary of the English Language; it took twenty-six years to complete. To evaluate the etymology of words, Webster learned twenty-eight languages, including Old English, Gothic, German, Greek, Latin, Italian, Spanish, French, Dutch, Welsh, Russian, Hebrew, Aramaic, Persian, Arabic, and Sanskrit. Webster hoped to standardize American speech, since Americans in different parts of the country used different languages. They also spelled, pronounced, and used English words differently.[41]
Webster completed his dictionary during his year abroad in January 1825 in a boarding house in Cambridge, England.[42] His book contained seventy thousand words, of which twelve thousand had never appeared in a published dictionary before. As a spelling reformer, Webster preferred spellings that matched pronunciation better. In A Companion to the American Revolution (2008), John Algeo notes: "It is often assumed that characteristically American spellings were invented by Noah Webster. He was very influential in popularizing certain spellings in America, but he did not originate them. Rather ... he chose already existing options such as center, color and check on such grounds as simplicity, analogy or etymology."[34] He also added American words, like "skunk", that did not appear in British dictionaries. At the age of seventy, Webster published his dictionary in 1828, registering the copyright on April 14.[43]
Though it now has an honoured place in the history of American English, Webster's first dictionary only sold 2,500 copies. He was forced to mortgage his home to develop a second edition, and for the rest of his life he had debt problems.[44]
In 1840, the second edition was published in two volumes. On May 28, 1843, a few days after he had completed making more specific definitions, to the second edition, and with much of his efforts with the dictionary still unrecognized, Noah Webster died. His last words were, "I am entirely submissive to the will of God." He died later that evening.[citation needed] The rights to his dictionary were acquired by George and Charles Merriam in 1843 from Webster's estate and all contemporary Merriam-Webster dictionaries trace their lineage to that of Webster, although many others have adopted his name, attempting to share in the popularity. He is buried in New Haven's Grove Street Cemetery.[45]
In 1850 Blackie and Son in Glasgow published the first general dictionary of English that relied heavily upon pictorial illustrations integrated with the text. Its The Imperial Dictionary, English, Technological, and Scientific, Adapted to the Present State of Literature, Science, and Art; On the Basis of Webster's English Dictionary used Webster's for most of their text, adding some additional technical words that went with illustrations of machinery.[49]
Title & subtitle of the book: In Merriam-Webster's dictionaryPut the word "In" followed by the title. If there is a subtitle, separate it from the title by a colon. Capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle and all proper nouns or names. Italicize the title but do not end with a period as the dictionary has an edition.Edition of book: (11th ed.).Place the edition number in parentheses after the book title. Follow by ed. and a period outside the parentheses.Place of publication: Springfield, MA:List the city and state of the publisher's location. Use the standard postal abbreviations for states. For publishers outside the United States list the city and country. Separate place from publisher with a colon. If more than one city is given, use the first city listed or, if specified, the name of the publisher's home office. Separate from publisher with a colon. Publisher: Merriam-Webster.Shorten publisher's name to most concise form. End the citation with a period. When using it in your paper, you would include the word and the year as well as the page number if you were quoting it in parentheses at the end of the sentence (Jejunum, 2003) OR if quoting it, (Jejunum, 2003, p. 671) finishing the sentence with a period. NOTE: For more information about book citations, see page 203 of the APA Manual, 6th ed. For title format or publication information, see page 205 in the APA Manual, 6th ed.
The dramatic makeover reflects the overall renaissance in children's nonfiction - one of the most noteworthy spinoffs of the past decade's boom in juvenile publishing. Faced with a growing demand for information from a visually sophisticated audience - an audience raised on MTV and computer games - publishers have responded with a veritable flood of eye-catching reference books on nearly every subject imaginable.
No home should be without at least one dictionary. New this fall are a pair of editions created specifically for children: Webster's New World Children's Dictionary (Prentice Hall, 896 pp., $15.95, ages 8 to 11), edited by Victoria Neufeldt and Fernando de Mello Vianna, and Webster's New World Dictionary for Young Adults (Prentice Hall, 1,040 pp., $18, ages 11 to 14), edited by Jonathan L. Goldman and Andrew N. Sparks. Both offer updated, age-appropriate vocabulary and a lively, user-friendly design.
While they were infants, Todd, Brandon and Colby were allegedly exposed to harmful levels of mercury via routine childhood vaccinations administered to them by their pediatricians. All or some of the vaccines contained thimerosal, a mercury laden preservative. At that time, vaccine manufacturers routinely added thimerosal to multiple-use vials of vaccines to extend each vial's shelf life. The thimerosal (and thus, mercury) introduced into the children's bodies by way of vaccination allegedly afflicted them with serious and lasting neurological injuries. Plaintiffs filed this action in a Texas state court seeking damages for the children's personal injuries both individually and on behalf of their children (as legal representatives). In their Original Petition, Plaintiffs assert four causes of action (strict liability, negligence, gross negligence and conspiracy) against two distinct categories of Defendants: (1) the manufacturers of thimerosal containing vaccines-Wyeth, Aventis, Merck and Smith Kline ("Vaccine Manufacturers"); and (2) the manufacturers of thimerosal itself-Eli Lilly, EM, Sigma, Dow, Spectrum and GDL ("Chemical Manufacturers").[1] Defendants subsequently removed the action pursuant to this Court's diversity jurisdiction.
The "[v]accination of children against deadly, disabling, but preventable infectious diseases has been one of the most spectacularly effective public health initiatives this country has ever undertaken. Use of vaccines has prevented thousands of children's deaths each year and has substantially reduced the effects resulting from disease." H.R.Rep. No. 99-908, at 4 (1986), reprinted in 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 6344, 6345. However, while most children enjoy measurable benefit from immunization programs, "a small but significant number of have been gravely injured." Id. Two significant concerns accompany these vaccine-related injuries: the inconsistency, expense, delay and unpredictability of the tort system in compensating claims of vaccine-injured children; and the instability and uncertainty of the childhood vaccine market inevitably caused by the risks of tort litigation. See id. at 7, 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 6348. Fortunately, the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program ("Program") ameliorates these concerns. The Program provides an avenue of recovery for injuries and deaths traceable to vaccinations that works with greater ease and on a faster timetable than the civil tort system.[2]See Shalala v. Whitecotton, 514 U.S. 268, 269, 115 S. Ct. 1477, 1478, 131 L. Ed. 2d 374 (1995). In effect, it "ensure[s] that all children who are injured by vaccines have access to sufficient compensation for their injuries," H.R.Rep. No. 99-908 at 6345-6346, and "free[s] manufacturers from the specter of large, uncertain tort liability, and thereby . . . keep[s] manufacturers in the market." Schafer v. Am. Cyanamid Co., 20 F.3d 1, 4 (1st Cir. 1994). 2ff7e9595c
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